1) Hold down the 'Windows' Key and Press the 'Pause/Break' button at the top right of your keyboard.
Another way is Right-Clicking 'My Computer' and then Select 'Properties'.
2) Click on the 'Advanced' tab.
3) Under 'Performance', click 'Settings'.
4) Then click the 'Advanced' tab on the button that pops up.
5) Under 'Virtual Memory' at the bottom, click 'Change'.
6) Click the 'Custom Size' button.
7) For the initial size (depending on your HD space), type in anywhere from 1000-1500 (although I use 4000), and for the Maximum size type in anywhere from 2000-2500 (although I use 6000).
8) Click 'Set', and then exit out of all of the windows.
9) Finally, Restart your computer.
10) You now have a faster computer and 1-2GB of Virtual RAM..!
Sunday, November 8, 2009
multi google talk
Running Multiple Instances of Google Talk
Users of Google Talk (GTalk) can also let GTalk go to polygamy, that’s running multiple instances of Google Talk and login to multiple Google accounts on Google Talk. The polygamy trick can be done without any crack, patch or hack, with just a simple command line parameter or switch /nomutex appended to the Google Talk shortcut.
Ability to polygamy running multiple Google Talk is useful if users have multiple Google Talk accounts (or Google or Gmail accounts that used to login to GTalk) or multiple profiles or personalities, and don’t want to log on and off from one account to another account every time when want to switch, or want to log in to all accounts at the same time on the same computer.
You can add the /nomutex switch or parameter to existing Google Talk shortcut, or create a new shortcut with the /nomutex command line parameter.
To edit existing Google Talk shortcut:
1) Right click on the Google Talk shortcut.
2) On the right click contextual menu, click on Properties.
3) Go to Shortcut tab on Google Talk Properties window.
4) On the Target textbox, add in the /nomutex to the end of the line so that it looks like below (or you can simply copy and paste the below syntax and replace the original).
Target: "C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutex
5) Click on OK.
To create a new shortcut for Google Talk:
1) Right-click on the desktop or anywhere you want to place the GTalk shortcut.
2) Select New on the right click context menu.
3) Then select Shortcut.
4) Copy and paste the following line to the text box when prompted to type the location of the item:
“C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex
5) Click on Next.
6) Give the shortcut a proper name such as Google Talk or Google Talk Multiple or Google Talk Polygamy.
7) Click OK until you are done.
If you have hex editor, you can act like a hacker and modify the bits in Google Talk program so that it will always allow multiple instances of GTalk to be launched whether the /nomutex switch is specified or not.
Launch hex editor and open googletalk.exe, then search for the following patterns in the hex editor:
004536FD . 3BC6 CMP EAX,ESI
004536FF . 75 05 JNZ SHORT googleta.00453706
Modify the string to look like the following:
004536FD . 8BC1 MOV EAX,ECX
004536FF . EB 05 JMP SHORT googleta.00453706
How this Works?
The mutex is short for mutual exclusion object.
A mutex is a program object that allows multiple program threads to share the same resource, but not simultaneously.
So, in the hack above, we used nomutex (no-mutex) to use the same resources simultaneously....!
(OR)
ALTERNATIVE METHOD (BOTH ARE WORKING)
Just follow the simple steps Below:
1)Right click on the Google Talk shortcut.
2)click on Properties.
3)Go to Shortcut tab on Google Talk Properties window.
4)On the Target textbox, add in the /nomutex to the end of the line so that it looks like below (or you can simply copy and paste the below syntax and replace the original).
“c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex
5)Click on OK.
I didn't have to do anything after this nd clicking on the shortcut multiple times just gave me different google talk window.
Alternative
To create a new shortcut for Google Talk:
1)Right-click on the desktop or anywhere you want to place the GTalk shortcut.
2)Select New on the right click context menu.
3)Then select Shortcut.
4)Copy and paste the following line to the text box when prompted to type the location of the item:
“c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex
5)Click on Next.
6)Give the shortcut a proper name such as Google Talk or Google
Talk Multiple or Google Talk Polygamy.
8)Click OK until you are done.
Users of Google Talk (GTalk) can also let GTalk go to polygamy, that’s running multiple instances of Google Talk and login to multiple Google accounts on Google Talk. The polygamy trick can be done without any crack, patch or hack, with just a simple command line parameter or switch /nomutex appended to the Google Talk shortcut.
Ability to polygamy running multiple Google Talk is useful if users have multiple Google Talk accounts (or Google or Gmail accounts that used to login to GTalk) or multiple profiles or personalities, and don’t want to log on and off from one account to another account every time when want to switch, or want to log in to all accounts at the same time on the same computer.
You can add the /nomutex switch or parameter to existing Google Talk shortcut, or create a new shortcut with the /nomutex command line parameter.
To edit existing Google Talk shortcut:
1) Right click on the Google Talk shortcut.
2) On the right click contextual menu, click on Properties.
3) Go to Shortcut tab on Google Talk Properties window.
4) On the Target textbox, add in the /nomutex to the end of the line so that it looks like below (or you can simply copy and paste the below syntax and replace the original).
Target: "C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutex
5) Click on OK.
To create a new shortcut for Google Talk:
1) Right-click on the desktop or anywhere you want to place the GTalk shortcut.
2) Select New on the right click context menu.
3) Then select Shortcut.
4) Copy and paste the following line to the text box when prompted to type the location of the item:
“C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex
5) Click on Next.
6) Give the shortcut a proper name such as Google Talk or Google Talk Multiple or Google Talk Polygamy.
7) Click OK until you are done.
If you have hex editor, you can act like a hacker and modify the bits in Google Talk program so that it will always allow multiple instances of GTalk to be launched whether the /nomutex switch is specified or not.
Launch hex editor and open googletalk.exe, then search for the following patterns in the hex editor:
004536FD . 3BC6 CMP EAX,ESI
004536FF . 75 05 JNZ SHORT googleta.00453706
Modify the string to look like the following:
004536FD . 8BC1 MOV EAX,ECX
004536FF . EB 05 JMP SHORT googleta.00453706
How this Works?
The mutex is short for mutual exclusion object.
A mutex is a program object that allows multiple program threads to share the same resource, but not simultaneously.
So, in the hack above, we used nomutex (no-mutex) to use the same resources simultaneously....!
(OR)
ALTERNATIVE METHOD (BOTH ARE WORKING)
Just follow the simple steps Below:
1)Right click on the Google Talk shortcut.
2)click on Properties.
3)Go to Shortcut tab on Google Talk Properties window.
4)On the Target textbox, add in the /nomutex to the end of the line so that it looks like below (or you can simply copy and paste the below syntax and replace the original).
“c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex
5)Click on OK.
I didn't have to do anything after this nd clicking on the shortcut multiple times just gave me different google talk window.
Alternative
To create a new shortcut for Google Talk:
1)Right-click on the desktop or anywhere you want to place the GTalk shortcut.
2)Select New on the right click context menu.
3)Then select Shortcut.
4)Copy and paste the following line to the text box when prompted to type the location of the item:
“c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe” /nomutex
5)Click on Next.
6)Give the shortcut a proper name such as Google Talk or Google
Talk Multiple or Google Talk Polygamy.
8)Click OK until you are done.
Increase u r net speed manually
First, u need to goto
Start, then run.
Type in regedit in the box.
Next, goto the
folder HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\services\VxD\MSTCP
Now, find the string Default Rcv Window.
Now, edit the number to 64240 (was 65535).
Reboot your Computer and now you have Increase your Net Speed
Start, then run.
Type in regedit in the box.
Next, goto the
folder HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\services\VxD\MSTCP
Now, find the string Default Rcv Window.
Now, edit the number to 64240 (was 65535).
Reboot your Computer and now you have Increase your Net Speed
Friday, October 23, 2009
Saturday, October 17, 2009
Diwali's importance
Why and what is Diwali????
Leading us into Truth and Light, Diwali is celebrated on a nation-
wide scale on Naraka Chathurthasi day on the dawn of Ammavaasa
during the Hindu month of Aippasi (September/October) every
year. It symbolizes the age-old culture of our country which
teaches us to vanquish ignorance that subdues humanity and to
drive away darkness that engulfs the light of knowledge. Diwali,
the festival of lights even today in this modern world projects
the rich and glorious past of our country and teaches us to uphold
the true values of life.
"Diwali" is the easy-to-pronounce form of Deepavalai. In Sanskrit
“Deepawali” is the marriage of two Sanskrit words- Deepa
meaning light and Avali, meaning a row. Indeed celebrating the
row of lights forms one of Diwali’s main attraction. Every home -
huts of the poor to the mansions of the rich are aglow with the
orange glow of twinkling diyas. Lighting these small earthen lamps
welcome Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. Multi-
colored Rangoli designs, floral decorations and fireworks lend
vivid, colorful imagery and grandeur to this festival which heralds
joy, mirth and happiness in the ensuring year.
This festival is celebrated on a grand scale in almost all the
regions of India and is looked upon in some parts of India as the
beginning of New Calendar or Financial Year. For those who
believe Diwali begins a new financial year tidy up their accounts
and are much more apt to hold grand pujas and devotional displays
for Goddess Lakshmi. As such the blessings of Lakshmi, the
celestial consort of Lord Vishnu are invoked with prayers. Even
countries like Kenya, Thailand, Trinidad, Siam and Malaya
celebrate this festival but in their own ways.
This Diwali festival, it is surmised dates back to that period when
perhaps history was not written, and in its progress through
centuries it lighted path of thousands to attain the ultimate good
and complete ecstasy. Diwali is very enthusiastically celebrated
for five continuous days and each day has its significance with a
number of myths, legends and beliefs.
Day 1: Dhanteras
The first day is called Dhanteras or Dhantrayodashi which falls
on the thirteenth day of the month of Kartik. The word "Dhan"
means wealth. As such this day of the five-day Diwali festival has
a great importance for the rich mercantile community of Western
India. Houses and business premises are renovated and
decorated. Entrances are made colorful with lovely traditional
motifs of Rangoli designs to welcome the Goddess of wealth and
prosperity. To indicate her long-awaited arrival, small footprints
are drawn with rice flour and vermilion powder all over the
houses. Lamps are kept burning all through the nights. Believing
this day to be auspicious women purchase some gold or silver or at
least one or two new utensils. "Lakshmi-Puja" is performed in the
evenings when tiny diyas of clay are lighted to drive away the
shadows of evil spirits. "Bhajans"-devotiona l songs- in praise of
Goddess Lakshmi are sung and "Naivedya" of traditional sweets is
offered to
the Goddess. There is a peculiar custom in Maharashtra to lightly
pound dry coriander seeds with jaggery and offer as Naivedya.
In villages cattles are adorned and worshipped by farmers as
they form the main source of their income. In South India cows
are offered special veneration as they are supposed to be the
incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi and therefore they are adorned
and worshipped on this day.
A very interesting story about this day is of the sixteen year old
son of King Hima. As per his horoscope he was doomed to die by a
snake-bite on the fourth day of his marriage. On that particular
fourth day of his marriage his young wife did not allow him to
sleep. She laid all the ornaments and lots of gold and silver coins
in a big heap at the entrance of her husband's boudoir and
lighted innumerable lamps all over the place. And she went on
telling stories and singing songs. When Yama the god of Death
arrived there in the guise of a serpent his eyes were suddenly
blinded by the dazzle of those brilliant lights and he could not
enter the Prince's chamber. So he climbed on top of the heap of
the ornaments and coins and sat there whole night listening to
the melodious songs. In the morning he quietly went away.
Thus the young wife saved her husband from the clutches of
death. Since then this day of Dhanteras came to be known as the
day of Yamadeepdaan and lamps are kept burning throughout the
night in reverential adoration to Yama, the god of Death.
Day 2: Nakra-Chaturdashi
The second day is called Nakra-Chaturdashi or Choti Diwali falls
on the fourteenth day of the month of Kartik. It is on this day
that Lord Krishna returns from Pragyotishpur (Nepal) completing
a journey where he killed the demon king Narakasur, freed
16,000 daughters of the gods in the king’s harem and reclaimed
the Mother Goddess, Aditi’s earrings. To prove he was victorious
in killing the demon, Lord Krishna returned home with the king’s
blood smeared on his forehead. To cleanse the blood and restore
overall cleanliness, the womenfolk bathed the Lord in scented
oils. Since then, the custom of taking bath before sunrise is
customary in various parts of India, including Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu.
Many people would wake up very early on the morning of Diwali to
start preparations, pujas and bathing rituals. It is common to
wake up as early as 4:30 am. There is a very interesting story
associated with why it is required to wake up at this time. When
I asked why people wake up so early, this is the following Diwali
story that was related to me:
"There was an evil person roaming a forest who needed to be
destroyed, but could only be destroyed by the powerful God,
Krishna. These evil beings were preventing all the people from
worshiping God (especially Shiva and Vishnu). So, Krishna was
asked to destroy this being named Nagaswaram. This being has
many powers. He can change his shape and size at will to trick all
the people. It is said that Krishna battled and finally killed
Nagaswaram at 4:30 the morning of Diwali, hence it is auspicious
to celebrate the 'new life' and the free life to worship God at
this time. It also brings very good luck to people to be dressed
and ready by sunrise. Some relate taking an oil bath to cleasing
yourself of the 'evil Nagaswaram'. After bathing with water, and
cleasing yourself of the evil Nagaswaram, you are free to pray to
God and live happily.
Immediately after Nagaswaram was destroyed, a new
troublesome beast was found roaming the forest. He was
Surabathman. He also had the power to change his shape and size.
Murugan, the son of Shiva and Parvathi and the brother of
Ganesha, was called to destroy this annoyance to mankind.
Murugan was very brave and strong, but Surabathman was not an
easy beast to beat. As Muragan chops of his head, a new head of
another beast will appear. Like this, six beastly heads appear and
are removed by Murugan until Surabathman' s "human" head is
seen and also destroyed. After this head is destroyed, Murugan is
victorious. It is said, it took six days from the day of Diwali for
Murugan to win this battle, one day for each head to be
decapitated. It is also for these six days that devotees of
Murugan will fast by either only drinking beverages (no alcohol) or
eating only tiffens for lunch and dinner (no non-vegetarian food
allowed). On the sixth day, Murugan devotees
will circle the temple 108 times and break their fast by having a
grand meal. Also, on the day immediately following the death of
Surabathman, Murugan marries his bride, Deivayannai. All these
festivities take place in temples or street processions. I actually
seen this re-enacted on the streets of Kanchipuram. It was a
spectacular sight!"
In South India that victory of the divine over the mundane is
celebrated in a very peculiar way. To re-enact the victory of Lord
Krishna some believers will break melons on the door step of their
homes, representing the head of the demon King. After smashing
the melon, people will smear their foreheads with a mixture of
kumkum powder and oil, which represents the blood Lord Krishna
smeared on his head. Continuing this ritual, many more, including
those who do not break melons, will take an oil bath using sesame
(gingerly) oil with cumin seeds and peppercorns, following up with
a more modern water and soap bath to restore moisture and a
sweet smell to the body.
In Maharashtra also, traditional early baths with oil and "Uptan"
(paste) of gram flour and fragrant powders are a must. All
through the ritual of baths, deafening sounds of crackers and
fireworks are there in order that the children enjoy bathing.
Afterwards steamed vermicelli with milk and sugar or puffed rice
with curd is served.
On Nakra-Chaturdashi day, people dedicate themselves to lighting
lamps and praying. On this day, people believe that the lighting of
lamps expels ignorance and heralds a future full of joy and
laughter. The story behind this holiday tradition revolves around
King Bali of the nether world. His mighty power had become a
threat to the gods. In order to curb his powers Lord Vishnu in
the guise of a small boy (batu waman) visited him and begged him
to give him as much land as he could cover with his three steps.
Known for his philanthropy, King Bali proudly granted him his wish.
That very moment that small boy transformed himself into the
all-powerful Lord Vishnu. With his first step Lord Vishnu covered
the entire heaven and with the second step he covered the earth.
Before taking the third and final step, Lord Vishnu asked Bali
where he should make his third step. Bali offered his head.
Putting his foot on his head, Vishnu pushed him down to the
underworld.
At the same time for his generosity Lord Vishnu gave him the
lamp of knowledge and allowed him to return to earth once a year
to light millions of lamps to dispel the darkness and ignorance and
spread the radiance of love and wisdom.
Day 3: Lakshmi Puja
The third day of the festival of Diwali is the most important day
of Lakshmi Puja which is entirely devoted to the propitiation of
Goddess Lakshmi. This day is also known by the name of Chopada
Puja. On this very day sun enters the second course and passes
Libra which is represented by the balance or scale. Hence, this
design of Libra is believed to have suggested the balancing of
account books and their closing. Despite the fact that this day
falls on an amavasya day it is regarded as the most auspicious.
The day of Lakshmi Puja falls on the dark night of Amavasya. The
strains of joyous sounds of bells and drums float from the
temples as man is invoking Goddess Lakshmi in a wondrous holy
"pouring-in" of his heart. All of a sudden that impenetrable
darkness is pierced by innumerable rays of light for just a
moment and the next moment a blaze of light descends down to
earth from heaven as golden-footed Deep-Lakshmi alights on
earth in all her celestial glory amidst chanting of Vedic hymns. A
living luminance of Universal Motherhood envelopes the entire
world in that blessed moment of fulfillment of a long-awaited
dream of the mortal. A sublime light of knowledge dawns upon
humanity and devotion of man finally conquers ignorance. This self
enlightenment is expressed through the twinkling lamps that
illuminate the palaces of the wealthy as well as the abodes of the
poor. It is believed that on this day Lakshmi walks through the
green fields and loiters through the bye-lanes and showers her
blessings on man for plenty and prosperity. When the sun sets in
the evening and ceremonial worship is finished all the homemade
sweets are offered to the goddess as naivedya and distributed as
prasad (prasadam). Feasts are arranged and gifts are exchanged.
On this day gaily dressed men, women and children go to temples
and fairs, visit friends and relatives.
One of the most curious customs which characterizes this
festival of Diwali is the indulgence of gambling, especially on a
large scale in North India. It is believed that goddess Parvati
played dice with her husband, Lord Shiv on this day and she
decreed that whosoever gambled on Diwali night would prosper
throughout the ensuring year. This tradition of playing cards-
flush and rummy with stakes on this particular day continues even
today.
On this Diwali day, we light lamps to commemorate the sacred
memories of those great men who lived to brighten the lives of
millions of their fellow beings:
● Lord Shri Krishna around whom revolved the entire story of our
great epic Mahabharat and the philosopher, who preached
Karmayog through his Geeta to Arjun on the battlefield of
Kurukshetra, discarded his body.
● Bhagwan, Mahavir, the Jain prophet also attained nirvana on
this day.
● Swami Ramtirth, the beloved "Ram Badshah" of millions of
Indians was not only born on this day and took both sanyas and
samadhi on this day.
● Swami Dayanand Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj in 1875 in
Mumbai, with his superb yogic powers freed his soul from his
body and mingled with divinity on this auspicious day of Diwali.
Another very interesting story about this Diwali day is from the
Kathopanishad. In this story, a small boy called Nichiketa believed
that Yam, the god of Death was as black as the dark night of
amavasya. But when he met Yam in person he was puzzled seeing
Yam's calm countenance and dignified stature. Yam explained to
Nichiketa on this Diwali day of amavasya that by only passing
through the darkness of death, man sees the light of highest
wisdom. It is only then only his soul can escape from the bondage
of his mortal frame to mingle with the Supreme Power. It was
then that Nichiketa realized the importance of worldly life and
significance of death. All of Nichiketa's doubts were set to rest
and he whole-heartedly participated in Diwali celebrations.
Day 4: Padwa or Varshapratipada
It is the fourth day that marks the coronation of King
Vikramaditya, initiating Vikram-Samvat from this Padwa day.
Govardhan-Puja is also performed in the North on this day. As per
Vishnu-Puran the people of Gokul used to celebrate a festival in
honor of Lord Indira, worshiping him after the end of every
monsoon season. However, one particular year the young Krishna
stopped them from offering prayers to Lord Indira. This angered
Lord Indira, who responded by submerging Gokul underwater.
Krishna saved Gokul by lifting up the Govardhan Mountain and
holding it over the people as an umbrella. To commemorate this
day, people of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar build cow
dung hillocks, decorate them with flowers and then worship them.
On this day in the temples of Mathura and Nathadwara, the
deities are given milk bath, dressed in shining attires with
ornaments of dazzling diamonds, pearls, rubies and other precious
stones. After the prayers are offered, the innumerable varieties
of delicious sweets are ceremoniously raised in the form of a
mountain (known as Annakoot) before the deities as bhog. Only
after this offering, devotees take prasad from the bhog.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped in every Hindu household and her
blessings sought for success and happiness. This day is looked
upon as the most auspicious day to start any new venture. In many
Hindu homes it is a custom for the wife to put the red tilak on
the forehead of her husband, garland him and do his aarthi with a
prayer for his long life. In appreciation of all the tender care
that the wife showers on him, the husband gives her a costly gift.
This Gudi Padwa is symbolic of love and devotion between the
wife and husband. On this day newly-married daughters with
their husbands are invited for special meals and given presents.
In olden days brothers went to fetch their sisters from their in-
laws home for this important day.
Day 5: Bhayya- Duj
The fifth and final day of Diwali is known as Bhayya-Duj. It is
also known in Hindi as Bhav-Bij and in Marathi and Nepalese as
Bhai Tika.
Legend says Yamraj, the God of Death visited his sister Yami on
this particular day. She put the auspicious tilak on his forehead,
garlanded him and fed him with special dishes. Together, they ate
the sweets, talked and enjoyed themselves to their heart's
content. While parting Yamraj gave her a special gift as a token
of his love and in return Yami also gave him a lovely gift which she
had made with her own hands. That day Yamraj announced that
anyone who receives tilak from his sister will never be thrown.
That is why this day of Bhayyaduj is also known by the name of
Yama Dwitiya.
Since then this day is being observed as a symbol of love between
sisters and brothers. It became also imperative for the brother
to go to his sister's house to celebrate Bhayyaduj.
Leading us into Truth and Light, Diwali is celebrated on a nation-
wide scale on Naraka Chathurthasi day on the dawn of Ammavaasa
during the Hindu month of Aippasi (September/October) every
year. It symbolizes the age-old culture of our country which
teaches us to vanquish ignorance that subdues humanity and to
drive away darkness that engulfs the light of knowledge. Diwali,
the festival of lights even today in this modern world projects
the rich and glorious past of our country and teaches us to uphold
the true values of life.
"Diwali" is the easy-to-pronounce form of Deepavalai. In Sanskrit
“Deepawali” is the marriage of two Sanskrit words- Deepa
meaning light and Avali, meaning a row. Indeed celebrating the
row of lights forms one of Diwali’s main attraction. Every home -
huts of the poor to the mansions of the rich are aglow with the
orange glow of twinkling diyas. Lighting these small earthen lamps
welcome Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and prosperity. Multi-
colored Rangoli designs, floral decorations and fireworks lend
vivid, colorful imagery and grandeur to this festival which heralds
joy, mirth and happiness in the ensuring year.
This festival is celebrated on a grand scale in almost all the
regions of India and is looked upon in some parts of India as the
beginning of New Calendar or Financial Year. For those who
believe Diwali begins a new financial year tidy up their accounts
and are much more apt to hold grand pujas and devotional displays
for Goddess Lakshmi. As such the blessings of Lakshmi, the
celestial consort of Lord Vishnu are invoked with prayers. Even
countries like Kenya, Thailand, Trinidad, Siam and Malaya
celebrate this festival but in their own ways.
This Diwali festival, it is surmised dates back to that period when
perhaps history was not written, and in its progress through
centuries it lighted path of thousands to attain the ultimate good
and complete ecstasy. Diwali is very enthusiastically celebrated
for five continuous days and each day has its significance with a
number of myths, legends and beliefs.
Day 1: Dhanteras
The first day is called Dhanteras or Dhantrayodashi which falls
on the thirteenth day of the month of Kartik. The word "Dhan"
means wealth. As such this day of the five-day Diwali festival has
a great importance for the rich mercantile community of Western
India. Houses and business premises are renovated and
decorated. Entrances are made colorful with lovely traditional
motifs of Rangoli designs to welcome the Goddess of wealth and
prosperity. To indicate her long-awaited arrival, small footprints
are drawn with rice flour and vermilion powder all over the
houses. Lamps are kept burning all through the nights. Believing
this day to be auspicious women purchase some gold or silver or at
least one or two new utensils. "Lakshmi-Puja" is performed in the
evenings when tiny diyas of clay are lighted to drive away the
shadows of evil spirits. "Bhajans"-devotiona l songs- in praise of
Goddess Lakshmi are sung and "Naivedya" of traditional sweets is
offered to
the Goddess. There is a peculiar custom in Maharashtra to lightly
pound dry coriander seeds with jaggery and offer as Naivedya.
In villages cattles are adorned and worshipped by farmers as
they form the main source of their income. In South India cows
are offered special veneration as they are supposed to be the
incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi and therefore they are adorned
and worshipped on this day.
A very interesting story about this day is of the sixteen year old
son of King Hima. As per his horoscope he was doomed to die by a
snake-bite on the fourth day of his marriage. On that particular
fourth day of his marriage his young wife did not allow him to
sleep. She laid all the ornaments and lots of gold and silver coins
in a big heap at the entrance of her husband's boudoir and
lighted innumerable lamps all over the place. And she went on
telling stories and singing songs. When Yama the god of Death
arrived there in the guise of a serpent his eyes were suddenly
blinded by the dazzle of those brilliant lights and he could not
enter the Prince's chamber. So he climbed on top of the heap of
the ornaments and coins and sat there whole night listening to
the melodious songs. In the morning he quietly went away.
Thus the young wife saved her husband from the clutches of
death. Since then this day of Dhanteras came to be known as the
day of Yamadeepdaan and lamps are kept burning throughout the
night in reverential adoration to Yama, the god of Death.
Day 2: Nakra-Chaturdashi
The second day is called Nakra-Chaturdashi or Choti Diwali falls
on the fourteenth day of the month of Kartik. It is on this day
that Lord Krishna returns from Pragyotishpur (Nepal) completing
a journey where he killed the demon king Narakasur, freed
16,000 daughters of the gods in the king’s harem and reclaimed
the Mother Goddess, Aditi’s earrings. To prove he was victorious
in killing the demon, Lord Krishna returned home with the king’s
blood smeared on his forehead. To cleanse the blood and restore
overall cleanliness, the womenfolk bathed the Lord in scented
oils. Since then, the custom of taking bath before sunrise is
customary in various parts of India, including Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu.
Many people would wake up very early on the morning of Diwali to
start preparations, pujas and bathing rituals. It is common to
wake up as early as 4:30 am. There is a very interesting story
associated with why it is required to wake up at this time. When
I asked why people wake up so early, this is the following Diwali
story that was related to me:
"There was an evil person roaming a forest who needed to be
destroyed, but could only be destroyed by the powerful God,
Krishna. These evil beings were preventing all the people from
worshiping God (especially Shiva and Vishnu). So, Krishna was
asked to destroy this being named Nagaswaram. This being has
many powers. He can change his shape and size at will to trick all
the people. It is said that Krishna battled and finally killed
Nagaswaram at 4:30 the morning of Diwali, hence it is auspicious
to celebrate the 'new life' and the free life to worship God at
this time. It also brings very good luck to people to be dressed
and ready by sunrise. Some relate taking an oil bath to cleasing
yourself of the 'evil Nagaswaram'. After bathing with water, and
cleasing yourself of the evil Nagaswaram, you are free to pray to
God and live happily.
Immediately after Nagaswaram was destroyed, a new
troublesome beast was found roaming the forest. He was
Surabathman. He also had the power to change his shape and size.
Murugan, the son of Shiva and Parvathi and the brother of
Ganesha, was called to destroy this annoyance to mankind.
Murugan was very brave and strong, but Surabathman was not an
easy beast to beat. As Muragan chops of his head, a new head of
another beast will appear. Like this, six beastly heads appear and
are removed by Murugan until Surabathman' s "human" head is
seen and also destroyed. After this head is destroyed, Murugan is
victorious. It is said, it took six days from the day of Diwali for
Murugan to win this battle, one day for each head to be
decapitated. It is also for these six days that devotees of
Murugan will fast by either only drinking beverages (no alcohol) or
eating only tiffens for lunch and dinner (no non-vegetarian food
allowed). On the sixth day, Murugan devotees
will circle the temple 108 times and break their fast by having a
grand meal. Also, on the day immediately following the death of
Surabathman, Murugan marries his bride, Deivayannai. All these
festivities take place in temples or street processions. I actually
seen this re-enacted on the streets of Kanchipuram. It was a
spectacular sight!"
In South India that victory of the divine over the mundane is
celebrated in a very peculiar way. To re-enact the victory of Lord
Krishna some believers will break melons on the door step of their
homes, representing the head of the demon King. After smashing
the melon, people will smear their foreheads with a mixture of
kumkum powder and oil, which represents the blood Lord Krishna
smeared on his head. Continuing this ritual, many more, including
those who do not break melons, will take an oil bath using sesame
(gingerly) oil with cumin seeds and peppercorns, following up with
a more modern water and soap bath to restore moisture and a
sweet smell to the body.
In Maharashtra also, traditional early baths with oil and "Uptan"
(paste) of gram flour and fragrant powders are a must. All
through the ritual of baths, deafening sounds of crackers and
fireworks are there in order that the children enjoy bathing.
Afterwards steamed vermicelli with milk and sugar or puffed rice
with curd is served.
On Nakra-Chaturdashi day, people dedicate themselves to lighting
lamps and praying. On this day, people believe that the lighting of
lamps expels ignorance and heralds a future full of joy and
laughter. The story behind this holiday tradition revolves around
King Bali of the nether world. His mighty power had become a
threat to the gods. In order to curb his powers Lord Vishnu in
the guise of a small boy (batu waman) visited him and begged him
to give him as much land as he could cover with his three steps.
Known for his philanthropy, King Bali proudly granted him his wish.
That very moment that small boy transformed himself into the
all-powerful Lord Vishnu. With his first step Lord Vishnu covered
the entire heaven and with the second step he covered the earth.
Before taking the third and final step, Lord Vishnu asked Bali
where he should make his third step. Bali offered his head.
Putting his foot on his head, Vishnu pushed him down to the
underworld.
At the same time for his generosity Lord Vishnu gave him the
lamp of knowledge and allowed him to return to earth once a year
to light millions of lamps to dispel the darkness and ignorance and
spread the radiance of love and wisdom.
Day 3: Lakshmi Puja
The third day of the festival of Diwali is the most important day
of Lakshmi Puja which is entirely devoted to the propitiation of
Goddess Lakshmi. This day is also known by the name of Chopada
Puja. On this very day sun enters the second course and passes
Libra which is represented by the balance or scale. Hence, this
design of Libra is believed to have suggested the balancing of
account books and their closing. Despite the fact that this day
falls on an amavasya day it is regarded as the most auspicious.
The day of Lakshmi Puja falls on the dark night of Amavasya. The
strains of joyous sounds of bells and drums float from the
temples as man is invoking Goddess Lakshmi in a wondrous holy
"pouring-in" of his heart. All of a sudden that impenetrable
darkness is pierced by innumerable rays of light for just a
moment and the next moment a blaze of light descends down to
earth from heaven as golden-footed Deep-Lakshmi alights on
earth in all her celestial glory amidst chanting of Vedic hymns. A
living luminance of Universal Motherhood envelopes the entire
world in that blessed moment of fulfillment of a long-awaited
dream of the mortal. A sublime light of knowledge dawns upon
humanity and devotion of man finally conquers ignorance. This self
enlightenment is expressed through the twinkling lamps that
illuminate the palaces of the wealthy as well as the abodes of the
poor. It is believed that on this day Lakshmi walks through the
green fields and loiters through the bye-lanes and showers her
blessings on man for plenty and prosperity. When the sun sets in
the evening and ceremonial worship is finished all the homemade
sweets are offered to the goddess as naivedya and distributed as
prasad (prasadam). Feasts are arranged and gifts are exchanged.
On this day gaily dressed men, women and children go to temples
and fairs, visit friends and relatives.
One of the most curious customs which characterizes this
festival of Diwali is the indulgence of gambling, especially on a
large scale in North India. It is believed that goddess Parvati
played dice with her husband, Lord Shiv on this day and she
decreed that whosoever gambled on Diwali night would prosper
throughout the ensuring year. This tradition of playing cards-
flush and rummy with stakes on this particular day continues even
today.
On this Diwali day, we light lamps to commemorate the sacred
memories of those great men who lived to brighten the lives of
millions of their fellow beings:
● Lord Shri Krishna around whom revolved the entire story of our
great epic Mahabharat and the philosopher, who preached
Karmayog through his Geeta to Arjun on the battlefield of
Kurukshetra, discarded his body.
● Bhagwan, Mahavir, the Jain prophet also attained nirvana on
this day.
● Swami Ramtirth, the beloved "Ram Badshah" of millions of
Indians was not only born on this day and took both sanyas and
samadhi on this day.
● Swami Dayanand Saraswati, founder of Arya Samaj in 1875 in
Mumbai, with his superb yogic powers freed his soul from his
body and mingled with divinity on this auspicious day of Diwali.
Another very interesting story about this Diwali day is from the
Kathopanishad. In this story, a small boy called Nichiketa believed
that Yam, the god of Death was as black as the dark night of
amavasya. But when he met Yam in person he was puzzled seeing
Yam's calm countenance and dignified stature. Yam explained to
Nichiketa on this Diwali day of amavasya that by only passing
through the darkness of death, man sees the light of highest
wisdom. It is only then only his soul can escape from the bondage
of his mortal frame to mingle with the Supreme Power. It was
then that Nichiketa realized the importance of worldly life and
significance of death. All of Nichiketa's doubts were set to rest
and he whole-heartedly participated in Diwali celebrations.
Day 4: Padwa or Varshapratipada
It is the fourth day that marks the coronation of King
Vikramaditya, initiating Vikram-Samvat from this Padwa day.
Govardhan-Puja is also performed in the North on this day. As per
Vishnu-Puran the people of Gokul used to celebrate a festival in
honor of Lord Indira, worshiping him after the end of every
monsoon season. However, one particular year the young Krishna
stopped them from offering prayers to Lord Indira. This angered
Lord Indira, who responded by submerging Gokul underwater.
Krishna saved Gokul by lifting up the Govardhan Mountain and
holding it over the people as an umbrella. To commemorate this
day, people of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar build cow
dung hillocks, decorate them with flowers and then worship them.
On this day in the temples of Mathura and Nathadwara, the
deities are given milk bath, dressed in shining attires with
ornaments of dazzling diamonds, pearls, rubies and other precious
stones. After the prayers are offered, the innumerable varieties
of delicious sweets are ceremoniously raised in the form of a
mountain (known as Annakoot) before the deities as bhog. Only
after this offering, devotees take prasad from the bhog.
Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped in every Hindu household and her
blessings sought for success and happiness. This day is looked
upon as the most auspicious day to start any new venture. In many
Hindu homes it is a custom for the wife to put the red tilak on
the forehead of her husband, garland him and do his aarthi with a
prayer for his long life. In appreciation of all the tender care
that the wife showers on him, the husband gives her a costly gift.
This Gudi Padwa is symbolic of love and devotion between the
wife and husband. On this day newly-married daughters with
their husbands are invited for special meals and given presents.
In olden days brothers went to fetch their sisters from their in-
laws home for this important day.
Day 5: Bhayya- Duj
The fifth and final day of Diwali is known as Bhayya-Duj. It is
also known in Hindi as Bhav-Bij and in Marathi and Nepalese as
Bhai Tika.
Legend says Yamraj, the God of Death visited his sister Yami on
this particular day. She put the auspicious tilak on his forehead,
garlanded him and fed him with special dishes. Together, they ate
the sweets, talked and enjoyed themselves to their heart's
content. While parting Yamraj gave her a special gift as a token
of his love and in return Yami also gave him a lovely gift which she
had made with her own hands. That day Yamraj announced that
anyone who receives tilak from his sister will never be thrown.
That is why this day of Bhayyaduj is also known by the name of
Yama Dwitiya.
Since then this day is being observed as a symbol of love between
sisters and brothers. It became also imperative for the brother
to go to his sister's house to celebrate Bhayyaduj.
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
IBM builds BARCODE reader for DNA
Imagine a world where medicine is guaranteed not to cause adverse reactions because it's designed for an individual's DNA.
Imagine a diet tailored to the precise speed of a person's metabolism. Using a little microelectronics, a little physics, and no small dose of biology, IBM has brought that futuristic world a little bit closer.
The DNA Transistor is a project fromIBM Research that aims to advance personalized medicine, by making it simpler (and much cheaper) to read an individual's unique DNA sequence — the special combination of proteins that makes you unlike anyone else.
The technology isn't finished yet, but its potential is tantalizin enough that IBM wanted to share it with the world. And the company claims researchers are making progress.
Essentially a bar code reader for genes, the DNA Transistor is part technique and part device. It consists of a 3-nanometer wide hole, known as a nanopore, in a silicon microchip. A sensor in the pore can read DNA and determine its unique makeup.
The challenge scientists face is controlling the rate at which a strand moves through that nanopore: A DNA molecule needs to spend enough time in it for the sequencing to work. By cycling voltages to the transistor's poles, IBM aims to move the DNA through the nanopore at a consistent rate one nucleotide (molecule of DNA) at a time.
The company's researchers are currently investigating various housings for the pore as well, honing the multilayer (metal and dielectric) nano-structures to move samples through more evenly.
“The technologies that make reading DNA fast, cheap and widely available have the potential to revolutionize bio-medical research and herald an era of personalized medicine,” said IBM research scientist Gustavo Stolovitzky. “Ultimately, it could improve the quality of medical care by identifying patients who will gain the greatest benefit from a particular medicine and those who are most at risk of adverse reaction.”
SOURCE:http://www.foxnews.com
Friday, September 18, 2009
Unlock your creativity
What do you want out of life? Are you looking for success in business? Do you place a premium on being a successful parent or spouse? Is there an artistic achievement you want to complete - a novel, a painting - yet you're afraid to attempt it because you might fail?
Do you feel your life is frayed at the edges, and you need to find focus?
If you can relate to any of this, you're not alone. We all feel like this at some point or another - or maybe even continuously!
The point is not to stay there.
So how do you get yourself motivated?
First, you have to have a mission or purpose for your life. Now define your core principles, set your priorities and have a plan.
Many of you will know exactly what your mission or purpose in life is. And many more of you may be struggling to find meaning and purpose. Struggling with getting up in the morning, wondering why this day will be any different from all the ones that have gone.
If you fall into the latter category, it's okay Understand also that you have a choice. You can change it, if you want to.
But how?
You can do anything you want with your future. But you need to start making some important decisions right now. You've been given certain talents, abilities and dreams, and now is the time to explore those gifts and begin to discover your mission in life.
Ask yourself…
• What am I good at?
• What abilities and qualities do I possess?
• What abilities and qualities have other people I respect and admire affirmed in my life?
• What am I passionate about?
• If I could do anything - what would I do?
• What is the one thing I could do in life that I could eagerly and joyfully do every day?
If you can't figure out what you're good at and where your talents are - ask a trusted friend or two. And then ACCEPT the compliments!
Walt Disney is an outstanding example of a man who had a vision, took major risks (often flying right in the face of conventional wisdom) and who ultimately triumphed.
As a child, Walt drew happy smiling faces on sunflowers in kindergarten. One story recounts how his teacher gently told him that sunflowers didn't have smiling faces on them. "Mine do", said Walt.
And if you do find yourself in Disneyland - notice the sunflowers! They all have smiling faces on them.
One of the Walt's greatest attributes (at least in my opinion) was his ability to go against the crowd and pursue his vision no matter what the obstacles.
The tales of Walt's early struggles are the stuff of legend.
In the depths of the great depression, Walt poured $1.5 million of his own and investors money into the first ever feature length animated cartoon - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
Back in the depression, $1.5 million was a vast amount of money to spend on a film (and an animated one to boot) so the pundits all warned that audiences would not come to see a full length feature animated film. If it flopped, Walt would be ruined, both financially and personally.
But they were wrong!
Snow White became the "must see" film of 1937 and is still making money for Disney over 50 years later.
When Walt first conceived the idea of an amusement park even his staff thought he meant a Coney Island Carnival with hotdog stands, Ferris Wheels, roller coasters etc. Most of these parks were dark and dingy affairs.
It took a man of Walt's vision to create Disneyland. And naturally the pundits all thought he was mad then as well!
It's a testimony to Walt's vision, persistence, tenacity and risk taking that his legacy not only lives on, but thrives, since his death in 1966.
So what made Walt the success he was? What was his source of vision and inspiration? What drove him to succeed in the face of massive setbacks?
Walt had "Five Secrets Of Success" that have infused every aspect of the Disney Corporation, making it one of the most successful ventures of its type in the world.
They are:
1. Think "Tomorrow"
Make today's efforts pay off tomorrow! What you do today will affect the rest of your life. Make sure your activities count and move you towards your goals.
2. Free the imagination.
You are capable of more than you can imagine - so imagine the ultimate. So many of you will die with the music still within you. The cemetery is full of unfulfilled ambition. Be bold, be inspired and go for the magic! Obstacles only exist if you don't have your eye firmly on the bigger picture and your vision for the future. If you firmly know where you're going, you'll find a way round, over, under or just through any stumbling blocks.
3. Strive for lasting quality.
"Good enough" never is! Don't you hate it when products have built in obsolescence? Strive for quality and people will keep coming back for more.
4. Have "Stick-to-it-ivity."
Never, never, never give up! Winston Churchill said it best!
5. Have fun.
You're never truly a success until you enjoy what you're doing! Life's too short to do things you don't enjoy. Making money, being creative, spending time alone or with people you love - enjoy it!
And while on the subject of Walt, he used a very specific strategy to go from conceiving the idea to putting it into action. It's been modelled and is called the Disney Creativity Strategy.
And anyone can do it to achieve more success in any field.
Do you feel your life is frayed at the edges, and you need to find focus?
If you can relate to any of this, you're not alone. We all feel like this at some point or another - or maybe even continuously!
The point is not to stay there.
So how do you get yourself motivated?
First, you have to have a mission or purpose for your life. Now define your core principles, set your priorities and have a plan.
Many of you will know exactly what your mission or purpose in life is. And many more of you may be struggling to find meaning and purpose. Struggling with getting up in the morning, wondering why this day will be any different from all the ones that have gone.
If you fall into the latter category, it's okay Understand also that you have a choice. You can change it, if you want to.
But how?
You can do anything you want with your future. But you need to start making some important decisions right now. You've been given certain talents, abilities and dreams, and now is the time to explore those gifts and begin to discover your mission in life.
Ask yourself…
• What am I good at?
• What abilities and qualities do I possess?
• What abilities and qualities have other people I respect and admire affirmed in my life?
• What am I passionate about?
• If I could do anything - what would I do?
• What is the one thing I could do in life that I could eagerly and joyfully do every day?
If you can't figure out what you're good at and where your talents are - ask a trusted friend or two. And then ACCEPT the compliments!
Walt Disney is an outstanding example of a man who had a vision, took major risks (often flying right in the face of conventional wisdom) and who ultimately triumphed.
As a child, Walt drew happy smiling faces on sunflowers in kindergarten. One story recounts how his teacher gently told him that sunflowers didn't have smiling faces on them. "Mine do", said Walt.
And if you do find yourself in Disneyland - notice the sunflowers! They all have smiling faces on them.
One of the Walt's greatest attributes (at least in my opinion) was his ability to go against the crowd and pursue his vision no matter what the obstacles.
The tales of Walt's early struggles are the stuff of legend.
In the depths of the great depression, Walt poured $1.5 million of his own and investors money into the first ever feature length animated cartoon - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
Back in the depression, $1.5 million was a vast amount of money to spend on a film (and an animated one to boot) so the pundits all warned that audiences would not come to see a full length feature animated film. If it flopped, Walt would be ruined, both financially and personally.
But they were wrong!
Snow White became the "must see" film of 1937 and is still making money for Disney over 50 years later.
When Walt first conceived the idea of an amusement park even his staff thought he meant a Coney Island Carnival with hotdog stands, Ferris Wheels, roller coasters etc. Most of these parks were dark and dingy affairs.
It took a man of Walt's vision to create Disneyland. And naturally the pundits all thought he was mad then as well!
It's a testimony to Walt's vision, persistence, tenacity and risk taking that his legacy not only lives on, but thrives, since his death in 1966.
So what made Walt the success he was? What was his source of vision and inspiration? What drove him to succeed in the face of massive setbacks?
Walt had "Five Secrets Of Success" that have infused every aspect of the Disney Corporation, making it one of the most successful ventures of its type in the world.
They are:
1. Think "Tomorrow"
Make today's efforts pay off tomorrow! What you do today will affect the rest of your life. Make sure your activities count and move you towards your goals.
2. Free the imagination.
You are capable of more than you can imagine - so imagine the ultimate. So many of you will die with the music still within you. The cemetery is full of unfulfilled ambition. Be bold, be inspired and go for the magic! Obstacles only exist if you don't have your eye firmly on the bigger picture and your vision for the future. If you firmly know where you're going, you'll find a way round, over, under or just through any stumbling blocks.
3. Strive for lasting quality.
"Good enough" never is! Don't you hate it when products have built in obsolescence? Strive for quality and people will keep coming back for more.
4. Have "Stick-to-it-ivity."
Never, never, never give up! Winston Churchill said it best!
5. Have fun.
You're never truly a success until you enjoy what you're doing! Life's too short to do things you don't enjoy. Making money, being creative, spending time alone or with people you love - enjoy it!
And while on the subject of Walt, he used a very specific strategy to go from conceiving the idea to putting it into action. It's been modelled and is called the Disney Creativity Strategy.
And anyone can do it to achieve more success in any field.
Wednesday, September 16, 2009
PREVIOUS Q.S OF MEFA
Code No: 43030
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
R07 II B.Tech. I Semester supplementary, May/June – 2009
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(Common to CSE, IT, CSSE)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks.80
Answer any Five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Define Managerial economics and Discuss the role of economics in decision
making.
b) Distinguish between income elasticity of demand and cross elasticity of demand.
[8+8]
2.a) Discuss various types of isoquants.
b) What is a production function? Explain its importance. [8+8]
3.a) Explain (i) P/V Ratio (ii) Margin of Safety.
b) Write short notes on (i) Opportunity cost (ii) Explicit and implicit cost. [8+8]
4.a) Discuss any two pricing methods.
b) Explain various types of market. [8+8]
5.a) Discuss the factors that effect the choice of business organization
b) Explain the features of Partnership and evaluate it against sole proprietorship.
[8+8]
6.a) What is capital budgeting? Why is it significant for a firm?
b) Compute NPV for the following investment profile:
Year Cash flow
1 10000
2 8000
3 15000
4 20000
Investment is Rs 25000 and cost of capital is 10%7. The following trial balance is extracted from the books of a merchant as on
31.12.2008. Prepare the final accounts from the information.
Debit balances Amount Credit balances Amount
Furniture 6400 Capital 125000
Vehicles 62500 Commission 2000
Buildings 75000 Creditors 25000
Bad debts 1250 Sales 154500
Debtors 38000 Bank overdraft 28500
Stock 1.1.2008 34600 Purchase returns 1250
Purchases 54750 Interest 3750
Sales returns 2000
Advertising 5680
Cash 6000
General Expenses 20820
Salaries 33000
340000 340000
The following adjustments are to be made
Stock on 31.12.2008 was Rs 32500
Provide Depreciation on furniture @10% [16]
8.a) Explain different types of financial ratios.
b) Explain the importance and limitations of ratio analysis
Code No: 43030
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
R07 II B.Tech. I Semester supplementary, May/June – 2009
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(Common to CSE, IT, CSSE)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks.80
Answer any Five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Explain the factors that influence the demand for a product.
b) Discuss the techniques of forecasting demand with their merits and limitations.
[8+8]
2.a) What is elasticity of demand? How would it be measured? Bring out its practical
importance.
b) Distinguish between elastic and inelastic demand. [8+8]
3.a) Explain the relationship between Total Cost, Average cost and Marginal Cost.
b) Discuss any two methods of computing Break even point. [8+8]
4.a) What is monopoly? Explain various forms of monopoly.
b) Discuss the importance of pricing in industries. [8+8]
5.a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship.
b) Write short notes on:
(i) Partnership deed
(ii) Obligations and Liabilities of partners. [8+8]
6. Explain the importance of Capital Budgeting and Discuss the techniques for
evaluating capital investment decisions.7. Prepare Trading, Profit and loss account and Balance sheet from the following
trial balance of Mr Xavier.
Debit balances Amount Credit balances Amount
Opening stock
30000 Sales 127000
Purchases 68000 Purchase returns 1275
Discount allowed 75 Capital 100000
Bank charges 350 Creditors 25000
Sales returns 1000 Discount received 800
Sundry debtors 45000
Salaries 6800
Wages 10000
Freight in 750
Freight out 1200
Rent 2000
Advertisement 2000
Cash at bank 6900
Plant and Machinery 80000
2,54,075 2,54,075
Adjustments: Closing stock was valued at Rs 50000.
Depreciate plant and machinery by 5%
Make a reserve of 5% on debtors for doubtful debts
Charge 6% interest on capital. [16]
8. Explain:
(i) Liquidity ratios
(ii) Activity ratios
(iii) Profitability ratios
(iv) Capital structure ratios.
Code No: 43030
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
R07 II B.Tech. I Semester supplementary, May/June – 2009
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(Common to CSE, IT, CSSE)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks.80
Answer any Five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) State the law of demand and explain Giffen’s Paradox.
b) Discuss the need for demand forecasting. How is demand for a new product
estimated? [8+8]
2.a) Explain the factors that govern elasticity of demand.
b) Discuss the significance of elasticity of demand. [8+8]
3.a) Explain Break Even Analysis and State the assumptions made in Break Even
Analysis.
b) Explain the terms:
(i) Opportunity Cost
(ii) Fixed Cost
(iii) Variable Cost. [8+8]
4.a) Explain the objectives of pricing policy.
b) What are the advantages and limitations of marginal pricing? [8+8]
5.a) Explain Sole trader form of Organisation.
b) Write short notes on:
(i) Joint Stock Company
(ii) Public company vs Private Company. [8+8]
6. A company is considering two mutually exclusive projects. Both require an initial
cash outlay of Rs 10000 each and have a life of 5 years. The company’s required
rate of return is 10% and pays tax @50%. The projects will be depreciated on
straight-line basis. The net cash flows before taxes expected to be generated by
the projects are as follows.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Project 1 (Cash flows) 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
Project 2 (Cash flows) 6000 3000 2000 5000 5000
Calculate (i) Payback period (ii) ARR (iii) NPV (iv) PI for each project [7. Prepare the Trading, Profit & Loss account and Balance sheet of M/s Rooplal &
Co for the year ending 2008 from the following trial balance
Debit balances Amount Credit balances Amount
Drawings 18000 Capital 50000
Plant and machinery 50000 Sales 200000
Purchases 60000 Creditors 20000
Sundry Debtors 40000 Bank Overdraft 10000
Wages 10000 Bills Payable 8000
Carriage 3000
Salaries 7000
Rent 6000
Repairs 3000
Opening stock 12000
Land and buildings 40000
Furniture 30000
Discount 9000
288000 288000
Adjustments
Closing stock ( 31.12.2008) Rs 30000
Outstanding wages Rs 500
Provide 5% for doubtful debts
Depreciate Plant and machinery by 5%. [16]
8. From the following balance sheet compute (i) Current ratio (ii) Quick ratio (iii) Debt
equity ratio (iv) Capital Gearing ratio (v) Proprietary ratio [16]
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
6% preference share capital 1,50,000 Good will 20,000
Equity share capital 2,50,000 Land and buildings 2,50,000
General Reserve 20,000 Machinery 1,75,000
Profit and loss account 15,000 Furniture 10,000
5% debentures 1,00,000 Stocks 90,000
Sundry Creditors 28,000 Debtors 21,,000
Bills Payable 12,000 Cash at bank 5,000
Prepaid expenses 4,000
5,75,000 5,75,000
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
R07 II B.Tech. I Semester supplementary, May/June – 2009
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(Common to CSE, IT, CSSE)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks.80
Answer any Five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Define Managerial economics and Discuss the role of economics in decision
making.
b) Distinguish between income elasticity of demand and cross elasticity of demand.
[8+8]
2.a) Discuss various types of isoquants.
b) What is a production function? Explain its importance. [8+8]
3.a) Explain (i) P/V Ratio (ii) Margin of Safety.
b) Write short notes on (i) Opportunity cost (ii) Explicit and implicit cost. [8+8]
4.a) Discuss any two pricing methods.
b) Explain various types of market. [8+8]
5.a) Discuss the factors that effect the choice of business organization
b) Explain the features of Partnership and evaluate it against sole proprietorship.
[8+8]
6.a) What is capital budgeting? Why is it significant for a firm?
b) Compute NPV for the following investment profile:
Year Cash flow
1 10000
2 8000
3 15000
4 20000
Investment is Rs 25000 and cost of capital is 10%7. The following trial balance is extracted from the books of a merchant as on
31.12.2008. Prepare the final accounts from the information.
Debit balances Amount Credit balances Amount
Furniture 6400 Capital 125000
Vehicles 62500 Commission 2000
Buildings 75000 Creditors 25000
Bad debts 1250 Sales 154500
Debtors 38000 Bank overdraft 28500
Stock 1.1.2008 34600 Purchase returns 1250
Purchases 54750 Interest 3750
Sales returns 2000
Advertising 5680
Cash 6000
General Expenses 20820
Salaries 33000
340000 340000
The following adjustments are to be made
Stock on 31.12.2008 was Rs 32500
Provide Depreciation on furniture @10% [16]
8.a) Explain different types of financial ratios.
b) Explain the importance and limitations of ratio analysis
Code No: 43030
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
R07 II B.Tech. I Semester supplementary, May/June – 2009
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(Common to CSE, IT, CSSE)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks.80
Answer any Five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Explain the factors that influence the demand for a product.
b) Discuss the techniques of forecasting demand with their merits and limitations.
[8+8]
2.a) What is elasticity of demand? How would it be measured? Bring out its practical
importance.
b) Distinguish between elastic and inelastic demand. [8+8]
3.a) Explain the relationship between Total Cost, Average cost and Marginal Cost.
b) Discuss any two methods of computing Break even point. [8+8]
4.a) What is monopoly? Explain various forms of monopoly.
b) Discuss the importance of pricing in industries. [8+8]
5.a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship.
b) Write short notes on:
(i) Partnership deed
(ii) Obligations and Liabilities of partners. [8+8]
6. Explain the importance of Capital Budgeting and Discuss the techniques for
evaluating capital investment decisions.7. Prepare Trading, Profit and loss account and Balance sheet from the following
trial balance of Mr Xavier.
Debit balances Amount Credit balances Amount
Opening stock
30000 Sales 127000
Purchases 68000 Purchase returns 1275
Discount allowed 75 Capital 100000
Bank charges 350 Creditors 25000
Sales returns 1000 Discount received 800
Sundry debtors 45000
Salaries 6800
Wages 10000
Freight in 750
Freight out 1200
Rent 2000
Advertisement 2000
Cash at bank 6900
Plant and Machinery 80000
2,54,075 2,54,075
Adjustments: Closing stock was valued at Rs 50000.
Depreciate plant and machinery by 5%
Make a reserve of 5% on debtors for doubtful debts
Charge 6% interest on capital. [16]
8. Explain:
(i) Liquidity ratios
(ii) Activity ratios
(iii) Profitability ratios
(iv) Capital structure ratios.
Code No: 43030
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
R07 II B.Tech. I Semester supplementary, May/June – 2009
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(Common to CSE, IT, CSSE)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks.80
Answer any Five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) State the law of demand and explain Giffen’s Paradox.
b) Discuss the need for demand forecasting. How is demand for a new product
estimated? [8+8]
2.a) Explain the factors that govern elasticity of demand.
b) Discuss the significance of elasticity of demand. [8+8]
3.a) Explain Break Even Analysis and State the assumptions made in Break Even
Analysis.
b) Explain the terms:
(i) Opportunity Cost
(ii) Fixed Cost
(iii) Variable Cost. [8+8]
4.a) Explain the objectives of pricing policy.
b) What are the advantages and limitations of marginal pricing? [8+8]
5.a) Explain Sole trader form of Organisation.
b) Write short notes on:
(i) Joint Stock Company
(ii) Public company vs Private Company. [8+8]
6. A company is considering two mutually exclusive projects. Both require an initial
cash outlay of Rs 10000 each and have a life of 5 years. The company’s required
rate of return is 10% and pays tax @50%. The projects will be depreciated on
straight-line basis. The net cash flows before taxes expected to be generated by
the projects are as follows.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Project 1 (Cash flows) 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
Project 2 (Cash flows) 6000 3000 2000 5000 5000
Calculate (i) Payback period (ii) ARR (iii) NPV (iv) PI for each project [7. Prepare the Trading, Profit & Loss account and Balance sheet of M/s Rooplal &
Co for the year ending 2008 from the following trial balance
Debit balances Amount Credit balances Amount
Drawings 18000 Capital 50000
Plant and machinery 50000 Sales 200000
Purchases 60000 Creditors 20000
Sundry Debtors 40000 Bank Overdraft 10000
Wages 10000 Bills Payable 8000
Carriage 3000
Salaries 7000
Rent 6000
Repairs 3000
Opening stock 12000
Land and buildings 40000
Furniture 30000
Discount 9000
288000 288000
Adjustments
Closing stock ( 31.12.2008) Rs 30000
Outstanding wages Rs 500
Provide 5% for doubtful debts
Depreciate Plant and machinery by 5%. [16]
8. From the following balance sheet compute (i) Current ratio (ii) Quick ratio (iii) Debt
equity ratio (iv) Capital Gearing ratio (v) Proprietary ratio [16]
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
6% preference share capital 1,50,000 Good will 20,000
Equity share capital 2,50,000 Land and buildings 2,50,000
General Reserve 20,000 Machinery 1,75,000
Profit and loss account 15,000 Furniture 10,000
5% debentures 1,00,000 Stocks 90,000
Sundry Creditors 28,000 Debtors 21,,000
Bills Payable 12,000 Cash at bank 5,000
Prepaid expenses 4,000
5,75,000 5,75,000
Saturday, July 11, 2009
Operating Manual for Your Brain - what they forgot to tell you at school or college
Have you ever wondered how come that you often remember things forever although you experienced them just once, sometimes even in a flash second only? (Even if you'd like to forget them quickly like the time a strange dog barked at you unexpectedly over a fence while you were passing by?)
Obviously there are some brain mechanisms at work that make learning easy and everlasting, just remember the saying "once burnt, twice shy" - then remember how often you reread stuff for your school assignments and still it "wouldn't stick"!
These brain mechanisms or neuromechanisms are today better understood than ever, what with all the new gadgets that neuroscientists have at their disposal for watching your brain at work without having to open your skull, e.g. computer tomography.
You might fear you need to train your brain for years or maybe only a select few have the brain that always remembers? Let's look at a typical example.
If you wanted to become a world class pro golfer you maybe
- need to start out very early,
- need a good coach right from the start
- and then need to keep practising for hours on end every day.
Not so with your brain! When learning golf, you train certain muscles that you never or hardly ever use in your daily chores (while at the same time deactivating others you would instinctively have used but which would hamper your drive etc.). Brains differ from muscles!
It has often been said that most people only use 1% (or 10%) of their brains (these figures vary and are highly arbitrary). That is not true! If you drive a car, as most of our readers probably do, would you say, that when you drive faster you use more and when you stand at a traffic light you use less of your engine? Certainly not - ALL the pistons are involved even if your car is idling, the whole crankshaft, fuel injection etc. The same goes for the brain. While there are times when your car's engine indeed is turned off, e.g. when parked, even that is untrue of your brain. Your brain works even in your sleep, in fact more so than when awake as many of you might attest when they recall some of their most vivid dreams.
So,
- if your brain always works and never rests and
- if your brain can store critical information in a split second and never again forget (like when you first, and probably once and for all, inadvertently touched a hotplate),
- and if we often seem to remember tidbits of information that we even think are totally useless yet we never invested any effort in storing them,
why then do we often forget that stuff that we really want to remember as if our life depended on it, e.g. if we need better grades or need to pass a crucial test, try to get past an assessment center to get a job etc.?
Obviously all we need to find out is how to use and then tap that brain mechanism that allows us to store all the information we deem necessary.
Before we go into some of the details as to how that works, let me take you through some little experiment:
Answer the following questions, one by one and in the order given, by maybe sitting relaxed and closing your eyes (make sure, you are not being disturbed):
Have you recently purchased fruit or vegetables? When was it? What was the store and the shelves like (if there were shelves, otherwise try to remember how the wares were presented)? What exactly did you buy there, i.e. the type(es) of fruit or vegetables? Now: do you remember some of the other fruit (or vegetables) that lay near what you wanted to buy and which at the time you certainly had no interest in buying?
How did you go? Can you remember the stuff you bought recently? Can you not even remember some stuff that you were not even interested in? And even remember it vividly? And isn't that stuff which, once you went past the checkout and had paid, and most certainly after you had eaten, you had no interest in every remembering?
Now, second part of the experiment: can you remember when you last looked up a phone number of any length? Do you still know it by heart? Maybe not?! Now remember how you tried to learn all those words from your vocabulary book in any foreign language, the math formula you were meant to reproduce during a test, the dates of kings or battles they wanted you to remember etc. etc. Most, if not all of it got lost, some right after the exam was sat, some over the years, at least you don't remember it as vividly as maybe the day you got your first bike, your first valentine, model train, doll etc. Compare now how long it took you to learn most school assignments "by heart" and how much time you spent learning the fruit - you didn't even spend time on the latter, it all happened in passing, quite accidentally and yet still you remembered it much better than a lot of stuff you would have paid for to remember!
A little exercise
Let's say, you want to remember your shopping list. It goes like this: "Salami, bread, butter, pizza, chewing gum, washing powder, yoghurt, a pair of slippers, apples, bananas, pineapple, tomatoes, parsley, three steaks, Gouda cheese, a packet of chocolate bars, Marshmallows, candles, matches and the local newspaper". That's twenty items. Can you remember them all completely? Well, you will in a minute!
Try to see these pictures in your mind, all of them large and colorful and always connect them as I show you (put the first pair into one picture, then make a picture of the next two, where the second item of the first pair figures as the first item of the second etc.): "A slice of salami sits on a slice of bread, a slice of bread is buttered, the butter sits on the pizza, the pizza is covered in chewing gum, there's a pack of washing powder on the chewing gum, washing powder, a yoghurt stands on the washing powder, a pair of slippers is smothered in yoghurt, one apple on each slipper, bananas on an apple, pineapple on bananas, tomatoes squashed on pineapple, parsley placed decoratively on the tomato, three steaks with parsley showing underneath, Gouda cheese on a steak, a packet of chocolate bars stuck in a Gouda cheese, Marshmallows on a pack of chocolates, candles roasting Marshmallows, Marshmallows with matches sticking out of them, the newspaper half covering a box of matches". Starting with the salami, how do you go? Some people can do it immediately, some need to exercise a few times (not more).
Ok, when you have a written shopping list, you probably find, you need to tick off all the items that you already put into your cart in order to monitor your progress. That can easily done with that list now in your memory: break/destroy every picture that you are finished with: rip apart the newspaper in your mind, tear up the salami, put a hole in the washing powder box, begin to peel a banana, slice the pineapple - whenever you've got a particular item, deface the respective picture. When you then review your list, you always see what you already got and what's still missing. Easy, isn't it?
This is just one brain or neuro-mechanism that lets you learn with less effort while retaining more information, or rather, remember more easily what is stored in your brain. Many more mechanisms can be employed to make learning easy and fun and when you combine these with other methods like speed reading, mind-mapping etc. you or your children become so wildly effective that they make the top of class in almost any subject apart maybe from music or art classes (although even then, when it comes to the more theoretical aspects, they can easily compete, it's just that not everyone can paint like a Rembrandt or play the piano).
Obviously there are some brain mechanisms at work that make learning easy and everlasting, just remember the saying "once burnt, twice shy" - then remember how often you reread stuff for your school assignments and still it "wouldn't stick"!
These brain mechanisms or neuromechanisms are today better understood than ever, what with all the new gadgets that neuroscientists have at their disposal for watching your brain at work without having to open your skull, e.g. computer tomography.
You might fear you need to train your brain for years or maybe only a select few have the brain that always remembers? Let's look at a typical example.
If you wanted to become a world class pro golfer you maybe
- need to start out very early,
- need a good coach right from the start
- and then need to keep practising for hours on end every day.
Not so with your brain! When learning golf, you train certain muscles that you never or hardly ever use in your daily chores (while at the same time deactivating others you would instinctively have used but which would hamper your drive etc.). Brains differ from muscles!
It has often been said that most people only use 1% (or 10%) of their brains (these figures vary and are highly arbitrary). That is not true! If you drive a car, as most of our readers probably do, would you say, that when you drive faster you use more and when you stand at a traffic light you use less of your engine? Certainly not - ALL the pistons are involved even if your car is idling, the whole crankshaft, fuel injection etc. The same goes for the brain. While there are times when your car's engine indeed is turned off, e.g. when parked, even that is untrue of your brain. Your brain works even in your sleep, in fact more so than when awake as many of you might attest when they recall some of their most vivid dreams.
So,
- if your brain always works and never rests and
- if your brain can store critical information in a split second and never again forget (like when you first, and probably once and for all, inadvertently touched a hotplate),
- and if we often seem to remember tidbits of information that we even think are totally useless yet we never invested any effort in storing them,
why then do we often forget that stuff that we really want to remember as if our life depended on it, e.g. if we need better grades or need to pass a crucial test, try to get past an assessment center to get a job etc.?
Obviously all we need to find out is how to use and then tap that brain mechanism that allows us to store all the information we deem necessary.
Before we go into some of the details as to how that works, let me take you through some little experiment:
Answer the following questions, one by one and in the order given, by maybe sitting relaxed and closing your eyes (make sure, you are not being disturbed):
Have you recently purchased fruit or vegetables? When was it? What was the store and the shelves like (if there were shelves, otherwise try to remember how the wares were presented)? What exactly did you buy there, i.e. the type(es) of fruit or vegetables? Now: do you remember some of the other fruit (or vegetables) that lay near what you wanted to buy and which at the time you certainly had no interest in buying?
How did you go? Can you remember the stuff you bought recently? Can you not even remember some stuff that you were not even interested in? And even remember it vividly? And isn't that stuff which, once you went past the checkout and had paid, and most certainly after you had eaten, you had no interest in every remembering?
Now, second part of the experiment: can you remember when you last looked up a phone number of any length? Do you still know it by heart? Maybe not?! Now remember how you tried to learn all those words from your vocabulary book in any foreign language, the math formula you were meant to reproduce during a test, the dates of kings or battles they wanted you to remember etc. etc. Most, if not all of it got lost, some right after the exam was sat, some over the years, at least you don't remember it as vividly as maybe the day you got your first bike, your first valentine, model train, doll etc. Compare now how long it took you to learn most school assignments "by heart" and how much time you spent learning the fruit - you didn't even spend time on the latter, it all happened in passing, quite accidentally and yet still you remembered it much better than a lot of stuff you would have paid for to remember!
A little exercise
Let's say, you want to remember your shopping list. It goes like this: "Salami, bread, butter, pizza, chewing gum, washing powder, yoghurt, a pair of slippers, apples, bananas, pineapple, tomatoes, parsley, three steaks, Gouda cheese, a packet of chocolate bars, Marshmallows, candles, matches and the local newspaper". That's twenty items. Can you remember them all completely? Well, you will in a minute!
Try to see these pictures in your mind, all of them large and colorful and always connect them as I show you (put the first pair into one picture, then make a picture of the next two, where the second item of the first pair figures as the first item of the second etc.): "A slice of salami sits on a slice of bread, a slice of bread is buttered, the butter sits on the pizza, the pizza is covered in chewing gum, there's a pack of washing powder on the chewing gum, washing powder, a yoghurt stands on the washing powder, a pair of slippers is smothered in yoghurt, one apple on each slipper, bananas on an apple, pineapple on bananas, tomatoes squashed on pineapple, parsley placed decoratively on the tomato, three steaks with parsley showing underneath, Gouda cheese on a steak, a packet of chocolate bars stuck in a Gouda cheese, Marshmallows on a pack of chocolates, candles roasting Marshmallows, Marshmallows with matches sticking out of them, the newspaper half covering a box of matches". Starting with the salami, how do you go? Some people can do it immediately, some need to exercise a few times (not more).
Ok, when you have a written shopping list, you probably find, you need to tick off all the items that you already put into your cart in order to monitor your progress. That can easily done with that list now in your memory: break/destroy every picture that you are finished with: rip apart the newspaper in your mind, tear up the salami, put a hole in the washing powder box, begin to peel a banana, slice the pineapple - whenever you've got a particular item, deface the respective picture. When you then review your list, you always see what you already got and what's still missing. Easy, isn't it?
This is just one brain or neuro-mechanism that lets you learn with less effort while retaining more information, or rather, remember more easily what is stored in your brain. Many more mechanisms can be employed to make learning easy and fun and when you combine these with other methods like speed reading, mind-mapping etc. you or your children become so wildly effective that they make the top of class in almost any subject apart maybe from music or art classes (although even then, when it comes to the more theoretical aspects, they can easily compete, it's just that not everyone can paint like a Rembrandt or play the piano).
Thursday, June 25, 2009
Yoga pranayam
Breathing is important for two reasons. It is the only means to supply our bodies and its various organs with the supply of oxygen which is vital for our survival. The second function of breathing is that it is one means to get rid of waste products and toxins from the body.
Oxygen is the most vital nutrient for our bodies. It is essential for the integrity of the brain, nerves, glands and internal organs. We can do without food for weeks and without water for days, but without oxygen, we will die within a few minutes. If the brain does not gets proper supply of this essential nutrient, it will result in the degradation of all vital organs in the body.
The brain requires more oxygen than any other organ. If it doesn't get enough, the result is mental sluggishness, negative thoughts and depression and, eventually, vision and hearing decline. Old people and those whose arteries are clogged often become senile and vague because oxygen to the brain is reduced. They get irritated very quickly.
Poor oxygen supply affects all parts of the body. The oxygen supply is reduced to all parts of the body as we get older due to poor lifestyle. Many people need reading glasses and suffer hearing decline in old age.
When an acute circulation blockage deprives the heart of oxygen, a heart attack is the result. If this occurs to the brain, the result is a stroke.
For a long time, lack of oxygen has been considered a major cause of cancer. Even as far back as 1947, work done in Germany showed that when oxygen was withdrawn, normal body cells could turn into cancer cells.
Similar research has been done with heart disease. It showed that lack of oxygen is a major cause of heart disease, stroke and cancer. The work done at Baylor University in the USA has shown that you can reverse arterial disease in monkeys by infusing oxygen into the diseased arteries.
Thus, oxygen is very critical to our well-being, and any effort to increase the supply of oxygen to our body and especially to the brain will pay rich dividends. Yogis realized the vital importance of an adequate oxygen supply thousands of years ago. They developed and perfected various breathing techniques. These breathing exercises are particularly important for people who have sedentary jobs and spend most of the day in offices. Their brains are oxygen starved and their bodies are just ‘getting by’. They feel tired, nervous and irritable and are not very productive. On top of that, they sleep badly at night, so they get a bad start to the next day continuing the cycle. This situation also lowers their immune system, making them susceptible to catching colds, flu and other ‘bugs’.
Oxygen Purifies the Blood Stream
One of the major secrets of vitality and rejuvenation is a purified blood stream. The quickest and most effective way to purify the blood stream is by taking in extra supplies of oxygen from the air we breathe. The breathing exercises described in here are the most effective methods ever devised for saturating the blood with extra oxygen.
Oxygen bums up the waste products (toxins) in the body, as well as recharging the body's batteries (the solar plexus). In fact, most of our energy requirements come not from food but from the air we breathe.
By purifying the blood stream, every part of the body benefits, as well as the mind. Your complexion will become clearer and brighter and wrinkles will begin to fade away. In short, rejuvenation will start to occur.
Medical Science Verifies Oxygen's Importance
Scientists have discovered that the chemical basis of energy production in the body is a chemical called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). If something goes wrong with the production of ATP, the result is lowered vitality, disease and premature ageing.
Scientists have also discovered that oxygen is critical for the production of ATP; in fact, it is its most vital component.
Yoga permits us to tap into this vital nutrient.
We know how to breathe. It is something that occurs to us automatically, spontaneously, naturally. We are breathing even when we are not aware of it. So it seems foolish to think that one can be told how to breathe. Yet, one's breathing becomes modified and restricted in various ways, not just momentarily, but habitually. We develop unhealthy habits without being aware of it. We tend to assume positions (slouched positions) that diminishes lung capacities and take shortened breaths. We also live in social conditions that is not good for the health of our respiratory system.
As discussed above, scientists have known for a long time that there exists a strong connection between respiration and mental states. Improper breathing produces diminished mental ability. The corollary is true also. It is known that mental tensions produce restricted breathing.
A normally sedentary person, when confronted with a perplexing problem, tends to lean forward, draw his arms together, and bend his head down. All these body postures results in reduced lung capacity. The more intense the concentration, the more tense the muscles become. The muscles in the arms, neck and chest contract. The muscles that move the thorax and control inhalation and muscular tenseness clamp down and restrict the exhalation. The breaths become shorter and shorter. After an extended period of intense focusing, the whole system seems to be frozen in a certain posture.
We become fatigued from the decreased circulation of the blood and from the decreased availability of oxygen for the blood because we have almost stopped breathing. As our duties, responsibilities and their attendant problems become more demanding, we develop habits of forgetting to breathe.
Try an experiment suggested by Swami Vishnudevananda. Focus attention upon the ticks of a clock placed at a distance of about twelve feet. If you get distracted, try concentrating harder until you experience the ticking with undivided attention. If you fail at first, you should try again and again until you succeed in keeping the ticking clearly in mind for at least a few seconds. What happened? The majority of persons who took part in this experiment reported that they have completely suspended the breath. The others, who had less concentration, reported that they experienced very slow breathing. This experiment shows clearly that where there is concentration of the mind, the breathing becomes very slow or even get suspended temporarily.
What's Wrong With The Way We Breathe?
Our breathing is too shallow and too quick. We are not taking in sufficient oxygen and we are not eliminating sufficient carbon dioxide. , As a result, our bodies are oxygen starved, and a toxic build-up occurs. Every cell in the body requires oxygen and our level of vitality is just a product of the health of all the cells.
Shallow breathing does not exercise the lungs enough, so they lose some of their function, causing a further reduction in vitality.
Animals which breathe slowly live the longest; the elephant is a good example.
We need to breathe more slowly and deeply. Quick shallow breathing results in oxygen starvation which leads to reduced vitality, premature ageing, poor immune system and a myriad of other factors.
Why Is Our Breath Fast and Shallow?
There are several reasons for this. The major reasons are:
- We are in a hurry most of the time. Our movements and breathing follow this pattern.
- The increasing stress of modern living makes us breathe more quickly and less deeply.
- We get too emotional too easily. We get excited easily, angry easily, and most of the rest of the time we suffer from anxiety due to worry. These negative emotional states affect the rate of breathing, causing it to be fast and shallow.
- Modern technology and automation reduces our need for physical activity. There is less need to breathe deeply, so we develop the shallow breathing habit.
- We are working indoors more and more. This increases our exposure to pollution. As a result, the body instinctively inhales less air to protect itself from pollution. The body just takes in enough air to tick over.
As we go through life, these bad breathing habits we picked up become part of our life. Unless we do something to reverse these habits, we can suffer permanent problems. The good news is that these are reversible. The bad news is that before we can change these habits, we should recognize and accept that our behavior needs to be changed. This means that we see for ourselves the benefits of good breathing techniques.
Certainly, yoga is not the only way to cope up with the stress and the resultant drop in oxygen supply to the brain brought on by the constricted breathing. A smoke, a coffee break, a trip to the restroom or a good laugh may all result in some readjustment of constricted breathing patterns. These can be thought of as "mini-yogas". We can benefit by taking or seeking more smokes, breaks, trips or jokes. But for those whose occupations continue to be highly stressful, something more will be needed. Deep breathing exercises and stretching of muscles, especially those primarily concerned with controlling inhaling and exhaling, should be sought. Participation in active sports also will be useful. Going for a walk is very good. For those experiencing restricted breathing at night, morning exercises should be actively pursued.
The Effects of Shallow Breathing
- Reduced vitality, since oxygen is essential for the production of energy in the body.
- Increased disease. Our resistance to disease is reduced, since oxygen is essential for healthy cells. This means we catch more colds and develop other ailments more easily. Lack of sufficient oxygen to the cells is a major contributing factor in cancer, heart disease and strokes.
With our 'normal' sedentary way of living, we only use about one tenth of our total lung capacity. This is sufficient to survive and just tick over, but not sufficient for a high vitality level, long life and high resistance to disease.
The ancient yogis knew the importance of correct breathing and developed techniques not only to increase health and life span, but also to attain superconscious states.
The Medical Viewpoint on Fast, Shallow Breathing
Modem science agrees with the ancient yogis on the subject of shallow breathing. An editorial in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine suggested that fast, shallow breathing can cause fatigue, sleep disorders, anxiety, stomach upsets, heart bum, gas, muscle cramps, dizziness, visual problems, chest pain and heart palpitations.
Scientists have also found that a lot of people who believe they have heart disease are really suffering from improper breathing.
Importance of Breathing Through The Nose
The first rule for correct breathing is that we should breathe through the nose. This may seem obvious, but many people breathe principally through the mouth. Mouth breathing can adversely affect the development of the thyroid gland. It can retard the mental development of children.
The nose has various defense mechanisms to prevent impurities and excessively cold air entering the body. At the entrance to the nose, a screen of hairs traps dust, tiny insects and other particles that may injure the lungs if you breathe through the mouth. After the entrance of the nose, there is a long winding passage lined with mucus membranes, where excessively cool air is warmed and very fine dust particles that escaped the hair screen are caught. Next, in the inner nose are glands which fight off any bacilli which have slipped through the other defenses. The inner nose also contains the olfactory organ-our sense of smell. This detects any poisonous gases around that may injure our health.
The yogis believe that the olfactory organ has another function: the absorption of prana from the air. If you breathe through the mouth all the time, as many people do, you are cheating yourself of all this free energy (prana). The yogis say this is a major factor in lowered resistance to disease and impairs the functioning of your vital glands and nervous system. Add to this the fact that pathogens can enter the lungs via mouth breathing, and you can see that it's impossible to be healthy, not to mention vital, if you breathe through the mouth.
It is easy to break the habit of breathing through the mouth. Just keep your mouth closed and you will automatically breathe through your nose!
Summary: Benefits of Deep Breathing
We will now summarize the benefits of deep breathing. Deep breathing produces the following benefits:
- Improvement in the quality of the blood due to its increased oxygenation in the lungs. This aids in the elimination of toxins from the system.
- Increase in the digestion and assimilation of food. The digestive organs such as the stomach receive more oxygen, and hence operates more efficiently. The digestion is further enhanced by the fact that the food is oxygenated more.
- Improvement in the health of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, nerve centers and nerves. This is due again to the increased oxygenation and hence nourishment of the nervous system. This improves the health of the whole body, since the nervous system communicates to all parts of the body.
- Rejuvenation of the glands, especially the pituitary and pineal glands. The brain has a special affinity for oxygen, requiring three times more oxygen than does the rest of the body. This has far-reaching effects on our well being.
- Rejuvenation of the skin. The skin becomes smoother and a reduction of facial wrinkles occurs.
- The movements of the diaphragm during the deep breathing exercise massage the abdominal organs - the stomach, small intestine, liver and pancreas. The upper movement of the diaphragm also massages the heart. This stimulates the blood circulation in these organs.
- The lungs become healthy and powerful, a good insurance against respiratory problems.
- Deep, slow, yoga breathing reduces the work load for the heart. The result is a more efficient, stronger heart that operates better and lasts longer. It also mean reduced blood pressure and less heart disease.
The yoga breathing exercises reduce the work load on the heart in two ways. Firstly, deep breathing leads to more efficient lungs, which means more oxygen is brought into contact with blood sent to the lungs by the heart. So, the heart doesn't have to work as hard to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Secondly, deep breathing leads to a greater pressure differential in the lungs, which leads to an increase in the circulation, thus resting the heart a little. - Deep, slow breathing assists in weight control. If you are overweight, the extra oxygen burns up the excess fat more efficiently. If you are underweight, the extra oxygen feeds the starving tissues and glands. In other words, yoga tends to produce the ideal weight for you.
- Relaxation of the mind and body. Slow, deep, rhythmic breathing causes a reflex stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which results in a reduction in the heart rate and relaxation of the muscles. These two factors cause a reflex relaxation of the mind, since the mind and body are very interdependent. In addition, oxygenation of the brain tends to normalize brain function, reducing excessive anxiety levels.
The breathing exercises cause an increase in the elasticity of the lungs and rib cage. This creates an increased breathing capacity all day, not just during the actual exercise period. This means all the above benefits also occur all day.
Wednesday, June 24, 2009
How correct nutrition will improve the health of your hair
It is normal to lose 50 to 100 hairs a day. Beyond this, hair loss can result from general nutrient deficiency. One of the problems with nutrition and hair however is that we can't programme nutrients to do what we want - and hair growth is not a priority so nutrients may be used up in other areas first.
B vitamins (especially B6, biotin and inositol) have all been found to be important in hair growth, so a heavy duty B complex is recommended. Avoid alcohol and caffeine as they destroy B1 and other B vitamins. Other important nutrients are manganese, magnesium, silica, kelp and vitamins C and E.
Stress worsens hair loss. It can reduce scalp blood flow, in addition to interfering with digestion and absorption. If stress is a consideration support the adrenals with vitamins B5 and C or glandulars.
Healthy hair needs good circulation and blood supply. Standing on your head - to raise body over head will boost circulation to your scalp, but ONLY attempt this if you are very healthy and fit! A more practical approach is an Indian head massage -- it increases blood flow and circulation in the scalp, helps transport minerals to the scalp and is wonderfully relaxing. Organic cider vinegar massaged into the scalp opens up the pores. If you are actually losing hair from the root (as opposed to brittle hair) then the cider vinegar can help unclog sebum glands that sometime block causing the follicle to die off as hair cannot get through.
Essential Fatty Acids promote healthy hair, and water obviously is vital to avoid dehydration. Filtered or bottled water is best - glass bottles preferable to plastic to avoid taking in plasticisers.
Thinning, dry hair can be a sign of protein deficiency. Increasing protein (possibly as protein shakes) can restore vitality and sometimes colour. But if protein intake is good, another possibility is low hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is needed to digest protein. If you're low in HCl, proteins are not digested properly, so the minerals they contain are not released. Mineral deficiencies could also be due to absorption problems in the gut. A 'leaky gut' can result from food intolerances, so if you suspect poor digestion, consider a food intolerance test when other symptoms suggest this.
Zinc has, in some cases of alopecia, been found to restore bodily hair growth as well as on the scalp.
Iron is often suggested after a study attributed hair loss in non-menopausal women to lack of iron.
Keratin - the hair protein - is predominately sulphur - which is probably why biotin is so useful as this is also predominately sulphur. MSM may be helpful for the same reason.
High copper has been associated with hair loss especially in women on HRT or who have taken the Pill. Good liver health will help keep copper down. Mercury, lead and cadmium toxicity have also been associated with hair loss.
Hair loss can also be due to hormonal imbalance especially post-menopausally, or with polycystic ovary syndrome. (PCOS can lead to elevated testosterone and hair loss). Herbal medicine can help here -- some PCOS clients have had good results from taking saw palmetto and agnus castus. Horsetail (a good source of silica) may also help, but a herbalist should be consulted if you wish to take herbs.
Hormone imbalances promote copper retention. A thyroid self-test may be useful as thyroid activity is reduced in the presence of high copper. Calcium and copper often rise together. The balance of copper and zinc together is a better guide to copper levels than copper alone. Smoking and high consumption of chocolate, white wine and coffee can tip it the wrong way. B3 and zinc are good antagonists to copper. Essential fatty acids also help hormonal balance.
So how do you assess you mineral status? Hair Mineral Analysis can provide a detailed mineral analysis, plus personalised supplement programme designed to address imbalances. Learn more about Hair Mineral Analysis and discover how to how check your levels of nutrient and toxic minerals on my website below.
B vitamins (especially B6, biotin and inositol) have all been found to be important in hair growth, so a heavy duty B complex is recommended. Avoid alcohol and caffeine as they destroy B1 and other B vitamins. Other important nutrients are manganese, magnesium, silica, kelp and vitamins C and E.
Stress worsens hair loss. It can reduce scalp blood flow, in addition to interfering with digestion and absorption. If stress is a consideration support the adrenals with vitamins B5 and C or glandulars.
Healthy hair needs good circulation and blood supply. Standing on your head - to raise body over head will boost circulation to your scalp, but ONLY attempt this if you are very healthy and fit! A more practical approach is an Indian head massage -- it increases blood flow and circulation in the scalp, helps transport minerals to the scalp and is wonderfully relaxing. Organic cider vinegar massaged into the scalp opens up the pores. If you are actually losing hair from the root (as opposed to brittle hair) then the cider vinegar can help unclog sebum glands that sometime block causing the follicle to die off as hair cannot get through.
Essential Fatty Acids promote healthy hair, and water obviously is vital to avoid dehydration. Filtered or bottled water is best - glass bottles preferable to plastic to avoid taking in plasticisers.
Thinning, dry hair can be a sign of protein deficiency. Increasing protein (possibly as protein shakes) can restore vitality and sometimes colour. But if protein intake is good, another possibility is low hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is needed to digest protein. If you're low in HCl, proteins are not digested properly, so the minerals they contain are not released. Mineral deficiencies could also be due to absorption problems in the gut. A 'leaky gut' can result from food intolerances, so if you suspect poor digestion, consider a food intolerance test when other symptoms suggest this.
Zinc has, in some cases of alopecia, been found to restore bodily hair growth as well as on the scalp.
Iron is often suggested after a study attributed hair loss in non-menopausal women to lack of iron.
Keratin - the hair protein - is predominately sulphur - which is probably why biotin is so useful as this is also predominately sulphur. MSM may be helpful for the same reason.
High copper has been associated with hair loss especially in women on HRT or who have taken the Pill. Good liver health will help keep copper down. Mercury, lead and cadmium toxicity have also been associated with hair loss.
Hair loss can also be due to hormonal imbalance especially post-menopausally, or with polycystic ovary syndrome. (PCOS can lead to elevated testosterone and hair loss). Herbal medicine can help here -- some PCOS clients have had good results from taking saw palmetto and agnus castus. Horsetail (a good source of silica) may also help, but a herbalist should be consulted if you wish to take herbs.
Hormone imbalances promote copper retention. A thyroid self-test may be useful as thyroid activity is reduced in the presence of high copper. Calcium and copper often rise together. The balance of copper and zinc together is a better guide to copper levels than copper alone. Smoking and high consumption of chocolate, white wine and coffee can tip it the wrong way. B3 and zinc are good antagonists to copper. Essential fatty acids also help hormonal balance.
So how do you assess you mineral status? Hair Mineral Analysis can provide a detailed mineral analysis, plus personalised supplement programme designed to address imbalances. Learn more about Hair Mineral Analysis and discover how to how check your levels of nutrient and toxic minerals on my website below.
Amazing facts
Did You know - The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to సెవెన్!
It was the Romans who made the first popsicle. They took some ice and added flavour to it and then licked it. What a great idea! Yummy !
T
he smallest book in the world is called Chemin de la Cruix. It has 119 pages. It is 2 inches high and 1 1/3 inches wide. The largest book in the world is an atlas which is in the British Museum. It is 5 feet 10 inches high and 3 feet by 6 inches wide.
Did you know that books can breathe? People visiting the British Museum complained of getting headaches. This was because books seem to absorb or "breathe" in air and "breathe" out smells of their own. There was so many old books in the Museum that there was no fresh air left which meant people got headaches from breathing in bad air !!
A cat can run about 20 kilometres per hour (12 miles per hour) when it grows up. This one is going nowhere today - it is too lazy !.
A cheetah can run 76 kilometres per hour (46 miles per hour) - that's really fast! The fastest human beings runs only about 30 kilometres per hour (18 miles per hour).
Did you know the first toy balloon, made of vulcanized rubber, was thought of by someone in the J.G.Ingram company in London, England in 1847.
Did you know the first bicycle that was made in 1817 by Baron von Drais didn't have any pedals? People walked it along
did you know that the average lead pencil can draw a line that is almost 35 miles long or you can write almost 50,000 words in English with just one pencil? Amazing fact! Now imagine an eraser that could match it !!!
This is what an old airplane looked like. The Wright Brothers invented one of the first airplanes. It was called the Kitty Hawk
*No two zebras have stripes that are exactly alike. Zebras enemies include hyenas, wild dogs, and lions. Male zebras are called stallions. Zebras usually travel in herds.
*The elephant is the largest animal on land. But it is much smaller than the blue whale.
It was the Romans who made the first popsicle. They took some ice and added flavour to it and then licked it. What a great idea! Yummy !T
he smallest book in the world is called Chemin de la Cruix. It has 119 pages. It is 2 inches high and 1 1/3 inches wide. The largest book in the world is an atlas which is in the British Museum. It is 5 feet 10 inches high and 3 feet by 6 inches wide.
Did you know that books can breathe? People visiting the British Museum complained of getting headaches. This was because books seem to absorb or "breathe" in air and "breathe" out smells of their own. There was so many old books in the Museum that there was no fresh air left which meant people got headaches from breathing in bad air !!
A cat can run about 20 kilometres per hour (12 miles per hour) when it grows up. This one is going nowhere today - it is too lazy !.
A cheetah can run 76 kilometres per hour (46 miles per hour) - that's really fast! The fastest human beings runs only about 30 kilometres per hour (18 miles per hour).
A cheetah does not roar like a lion - it purrs like a cat (meow).
Did you know the first toy balloon, made of vulcanized rubber, was thought of by someone in the J.G.Ingram company in London, England in 1847.
Did you know the first bicycle that was made in 1817 by Baron von Drais didn't have any pedals? People walked it along
The first kind of PENCIL was a bunch of GRAPHITE sticks held together by string. Then someone decided it would be better to push the graphite into the inside of a hollow wooden stick.
JOSEPH RECHENDORFER was the first person to think of putting a piece of rubber onto the top of a pencil which makes it real easy to rub out mistakes.did you know that the average lead pencil can draw a line that is almost 35 miles long or you can write almost 50,000 words in English with just one pencil? Amazing fact! Now imagine an eraser that could match it !!!
This is what an old airplane looked like. The Wright Brothers invented one of the first airplanes. It was called the Kitty Hawk
*No two zebras have stripes that are exactly alike. Zebras enemies include hyenas, wild dogs, and lions. Male zebras are called stallions. Zebras usually travel in herds.
*The elephant is the largest animal on land. But it is much smaller than the blue whale.
*The typical laboratory mouse runs 2.5 miles per night on its treadmill.
*A rat can last longer without water than a camel.
*The mouse is the most common mammal in the US.
*The rhinoceros's horn is made of the same stuff found in our hair and fingernails which is called keratin. It also contains something called gelatin.
*The SIBERIAN TIGER is the largest cat in the world. It weighs up to 300kg (660 lbs) and can eat 27,2 kg (60 lb) of meat at one mealtime.
Butterflies taste with their feet.
A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why.
In 10 minutes, a hurricane releases more energy than all of the world's nuclear weapons combined.
On average, 100 people choke to death on ballpoint pens every year.
On average, people fear spiders more than they do death.
Ninety percent of New York City cabbies are recently arrived immigrants.
Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married.
Elephants are the only animals that can't jump.
Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 or older.
It's possible to lead a cow upstairs... but not downstairs.
Women blink nearly twice as much as men.
It's physically impossible for you to lick your elbow.
The Main Library at Indiana University sinks over an inch every year because when it was built, engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building.
A snail can sleep for three years.
No word in the English language rhymes with "MONTH."
Average life span of a major league baseball: 7 pitches.
Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears never stop growing. SCARY!!!
The electric chair was invented by a dentist.
All polar bears are left-handed.
In ancient Egypt, priests plucked EVERY hair from their bodies, including their eyebrows and eyelashes.
An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the keyboard.
"Go," is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.
If Barbie were life-size, her measurements would be 39-23-33. She would stand seven feet, two inches tall.
A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out.
The cigarette lighter was invented before the match.
Americans on average eat 18 acres of pizza every day.
Almost everyone who reads this will try to lick his elbow.
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